全文翻譯

　　在距今約五十億和四十億年之間地球形成。到了三十億年以前生命早已興起，我們有用顯微鏡可見的像細(xì)菌一樣的生物化石來證明這一點。在這兩個時間之間的某個時候——獨立的分子證據(jù)顯示大約是在四十億年前——神秘的事件，即生命的起源肯定已經(jīng)開始了。([G])沒人知道發(fā)生了什么，但是理論家認(rèn)為關(guān)鍵是自我復(fù)制實體(也就是一般意義上的“基因”)的自然出現(xiàn)。

　　原始地球大氣或許包含了今天在太陽系的其他行星上仍然含量豐富的氣體?；瘜W(xué)家已經(jīng)用實驗的方法在實驗室里重建這些原始的情況。如果類似的各種氣體在裝有水的一個細(xì)頸瓶中被混合，而且通過放電來加入能源(模擬了原始的閃電),有機的物質(zhì)就自然地被合成了。這些有機物中包括 RNA 和 DNA 的砌塊?？雌饋眍愃频氖虑樵?jīng)發(fā)生在原始地球上。結(jié)果是，原始海洋可能變成了生命起源以前的有機化合物匯集的“一鍋湯”。 當(dāng)然，僅僅在“原始湯”里出現(xiàn)有機分子是不夠的。正如以上所說的，決定性的步驟是自我復(fù)制分子的起源，即能夠復(fù)制自身特征的分子。([C])

　　今天最有名的自我復(fù)制分子是 DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)，但人們廣泛認(rèn)為 DNA本身在生命起源之初不可能存在，因為它的復(fù)制太依賴專門的機制的支持，這在進(jìn)化本身開始之前是不可能存在的。DNA 已經(jīng)被描述為可能是在生命自身起源之后某個時間出現(xiàn)的“高科技”分子。也許仍然在有生命的細(xì)胞中扮演各種不同重要角色的相關(guān)分子 RNA才是最初的自我復(fù)制分子;亦或許原始的復(fù)制者是一種完全不同類型的分子。一旦自我復(fù)制分子偶然形成，達(dá)爾文自然選擇之類的法則可能就開始發(fā)揮作用了：群體中會因為復(fù)制時的偶然錯誤而產(chǎn)生變異。([B])特別擅長復(fù)制的變異種類會自動地在原始湯中占主導(dǎo)地位。那些不復(fù)制的變種或不能精確復(fù)制的變種會相對地變得比較少。一種分子的自然淘汰導(dǎo)致復(fù)制分子的效率不斷提高。 當(dāng)復(fù)制分子之間的競爭升溫時，勝利一定屬于那些剛好使用特別伎倆或裝備來實現(xiàn)自我保存和迅速自我復(fù)制的分子。

　　余下的進(jìn)化過程可能被視為復(fù)制分子(現(xiàn)在稱為基因)借助為自我保存和復(fù)制建立有效設(shè)備(細(xì)胞和多細(xì)胞體)的能力進(jìn)行自然選擇的繼續(xù)。三十億年是一段很長的時間，而且似乎已經(jīng)足夠長來產(chǎn)生如有椎骨的身體和昆蟲的身體這樣令人驚異的復(fù)雜的發(fā)明。([F])

　　化石直到近六億年以前的寒武紀(jì)的時代才被確定小有規(guī)模。依照1999 年在中國發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石證據(jù)——原始的無顎魚，它有鰭、腮和像魚一樣的肌肉模式——第一批脊椎動物可追述到五億三千萬年前。在三、四億年之間脊椎動物大量地出現(xiàn)在化石床中。在脊椎動物之中，土地首先被大約在二億五千萬年以前出現(xiàn)的長有圓形鰭和肺的魚所占領(lǐng)，然后被兩棲動物和更籠統(tǒng)地被我們稱為“爬行動物”的各種不同類型的動物所占領(lǐng)。([A])哺乳動物，稍后是鳥類，從爬行動物的兩個不同部門中分化出來。哺乳動物的迅速分支，形成了我們今天見到的豐富的類型，負(fù)鼠到大象，從食蟻獸到猴子，似乎瞬間充滿了六千五百萬年以前由于恐龍的悲慘滅絕而留下的真空世界。

　　備注：1999年我國科學(xué)家陳均遠(yuǎn)等人在昆明郊區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的“?？隰~”化石，距今5.3億年，它不但是地球上最早出現(xiàn)的魚，而且是包括人類在內(nèi)所有地球脊椎動物的最早祖先。比起原先被認(rèn)為是脊椎動物鼻祖的文昌魚，中國“?？隰~”把脊椎動物的起源時間向前推進(jìn)了整整5000萬年。美國一名學(xué)者將這一發(fā)現(xiàn)描述為“人類重塑地球生命史的一項驚人成就”。

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be

　　written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

　　The future of business lies not in selling products but in selling dreams and emotions, according to Rolf Jensen, director of the Copenhagen Institute for Future Studies. In his new book, The Dream Society, Jensen profiles six distinct “emotional markets” and invites businesses to consider how best to profit from them:

　　The market for Adventures offers customers safaris, theme parks, sports, and action/adventure TV shows and movies.

　　Nike ' s ties to the “ Adventure ” market made it willing to pay a reported $ 400 million simply for the right to sponsor Brazil ' s outstanding national soccer team, thereby boosting the brand s image as the footwear of champions. (26) Such an investment makes sense in a market where consumers find many products with comparable features and quality and must find some reason to choose one over the others.

　　The market for Love, Friendship, and Togetherness has such offerings as perfume, gifts, home photography, restaurants, and entertainment. (27)Tapping the “ Togetherness ” market, Guinness Brewery has teamed with an Irish firm to establish a chain of “ authentic ” Irish pubs in cities around the world — where Irish charm and British beer sell briskly in each other ' s company.

　　In France, a growing number of local bistros known as “ Cafes Philos ” now employ a trained philosopher to lead and moderate long (and thirst - producing) debates among the customers on complex questions of morality, the nature of time, or humanity ' s relationship to nature.

　　The market for Care recently offered a product that captured children ' s desire to nurture and care for pets. The Tamagotchi is a demanding little electronic puppy (or kitten or even an alien) that beeps for attention from its owner. Real pets are becoming hotel amenities in some places.

　　The Who - Am - I market offers products that proclaim their owner ' s identity, like fashion, automobiles, and accessories.

　　(28) Louis Vuitton suitcases, for instance, tell a story that their owners want told to the world: “ I am an exciting person, gliding with perfect ease through posh hotels all over the world, and I do it in style.”

　　The Peace of Mind market features nostalgia, history, and antiques.

　　(29) In rapidly changing times, many people seek the serenity of the familiar, be it the bistros of Paris or small town life in the United States . For instance, First National Bank in Brookings proclaims, “ We strive to maintain the small town banking atmosphere while growing and changing with the technological age.”

　　The Conviction market, last of the six markets includes “green” products, humane testing, and worker welfare.

　　(30) While many companies may be reluctant to become overly political, they can highlight their involvement in the community and market to their customers need to make purchases that are in line with their convictions . Trend analyst John Naisbitt referred to this trend as cause related marketing; among companies taking this approach are British Petroleum, which uses its Web site to report on the company s Community Development Program, and Mobil, which accentuates its concern for local populations of countries in which it does business. “ They see themselves as pillars of society ” , says Jensen. [ 515 words ]