構(gòu)詞法:英語構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:(1)派生名詞:①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法:
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù))
二、名詞:
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。一盒牛奶:
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格如:Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如:
2、[注解]:
① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
?、?兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題:
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即:主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時(shí),
?、?如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長時(shí)間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞:
1、代詞的分類:英語中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞:人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
第一人
稱單數(shù)
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第二人
稱單數(shù)
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第三人稱單數(shù)
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第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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陽性
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陰性
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中性
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主
格
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I
(我)
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you (你)
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he
(他)
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she
(她)
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it
(它)
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we
(我們)
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you
(你們)
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they (他們,她們,它們)
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賓
格
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me
(我)
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you (你)
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him
(他)
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her
(她)
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it
(她)
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us
(我們)
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you
(你們)
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them (他們,她們,它們) |
1、主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)
2、賓格用來作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如:--Who is it?(是誰?) –It’s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如:
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒?) –You and me.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如:--What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦?) –It’s 12:00.(12點(diǎn)) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語是非常困難的)
3、物主代詞:說明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。
第一人
稱單數(shù)
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第二人
稱單數(shù)
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第三人稱單數(shù)
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第一人稱復(fù) 數(shù)
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第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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陽性
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陰性
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中性
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形容
詞性
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my
(我的)
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your
(你的)
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his
(他的)
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her
(她的)
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its
(它的)
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our
(我們的)
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your
(你們的)
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their (他們的,她們的,它們的)
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名詞
性
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mine
(我的)
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Yours
(你的)
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his
(他的)
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hers
(她的)
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its
(她的)
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ours
(我們的)
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yours
(你們的)
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theirs(他們的,她們的,它們的) |
1、形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如:
Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來看我。)
[試比較] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來看我。)
4、反身代詞:表示謂語的動(dòng)作與主語有關(guān)或者賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)作與賓語有關(guān)。
第一人
稱單數(shù)
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第二人
稱單數(shù)
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第三人稱單數(shù)
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第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)
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陽性
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陰性
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中性
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myself
(我自己)
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yourself
(你自己)
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himself
(他自己)
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herself
(她自己)
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itself
(它自己)
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ourselves
(我們自己)
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yourselves
(你們自己)
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themselves (他們/她們/它們自己) |
1、反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。如:
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。如:
The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
6、指示代詞: 指示說明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。
單數(shù)
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復(fù)數(shù)
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含義
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this(這個(gè))
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these(這些)
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指較近的人和物
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that(那個(gè))
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those(那些)
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指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物
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such (這樣的人/物)
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指上文提過的人和物
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same (同樣的人/物)
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指和上文提過的相同的人和物
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it (這人/這物)
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指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時(shí) |
指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修飾名詞。如:
What’s this?(這是什么?) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動(dòng)句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ ---Who is it?(是誰?) ---It’s me!(是我!)
6、關(guān)系代詞:用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。
1、關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。
如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級的)
2、關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如:
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎?)
3、關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如:Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎?)
4、關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如:Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎?)
7、連接代詞:用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。
英語中連接代詞主要有:what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個(gè)),whose(誰的)。詳見相應(yīng)從句。
8、不定代詞:代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。
單數(shù)
含義
|
some
any
|
no
none
|
/
|
/
|
each
(every)
|
one
|
either,
neither
|
so
|
the other,
another
|
復(fù)合不
定代詞
|
不可數(shù)
含義
|
much
|
little,
a little
|
all
|
/
|
/
|
/
|
/
|
/
|
||
復(fù)數(shù)
含義
|
many
|
few,
a few
|
ones
|
both
|
others,
the others |
注:復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè):something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything
(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人).
(1)some和 any 的用法:
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如:I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會(huì)去那兒)
some 用于疑問句時(shí),表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎?)
any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎?)
any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)
(2)no和none的用法:
no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)
none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的)
(3)all和both的用法:
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞;也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如:I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)?兩個(gè)都要。)
all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如:All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)
(4)every和each用法:
every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念;
each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念;each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或者行為動(dòng)詞之前
every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干)
(5)either和neither的用法:
either意思是“兩個(gè)中間的任何一個(gè)”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個(gè)都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。如:I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去?一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車去。)
(6)other、the other和another的用法:
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語。another意思是“另外”、“又一個(gè)”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如:
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊?) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書)
another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個(gè)) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個(gè)時(shí)用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。如: This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢?) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)
others與the others的主要區(qū)別:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個(gè)男孩中有兩個(gè)站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)
(7)many和much的用法:
many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用;much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語等。如:I don’t have many friends here.(在這里我沒有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句時(shí)可以在前面加上so、very或too.如: There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場上有許多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他們沒有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法:
few、little意思是“很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。如:
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個(gè)極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)
(9)復(fù)合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語,應(yīng)放在它們的后面。如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人。) /Di(每個(gè)人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個(gè)星期天你來學(xué)校時(shí)見到什么人了嗎?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)
(10)one與ones用來代替上文的一個(gè)或多個(gè)人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如: Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件? / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些)
(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。如: I don’t think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。)
(12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區(qū)別:五個(gè)“名詞+介詞”短語都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,可以相應(yīng)地?fù)Q為much和many;plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式)可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。
如:A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認(rèn)為時(shí)間就是金錢。) / I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購物方面我花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間/金錢。)
(13)none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別:no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式;none表示“沒有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時(shí)謂語可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒有一個(gè)人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒有一個(gè)朋友來看我。)
9、相互代詞:表示相互關(guān)系的詞叫相互代詞。
each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示兩者之間,而one anther表示許多人之間。它們有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。如: We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我們身處困境時(shí)要互相幫助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。)
10、疑問代詞:用來提出問題的代詞稱為疑問代詞。
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。口語中也常用who代替whom作賓語,但在介詞后則只能用whom。如:
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請了誰參加你的生日聚會(huì)的?) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長大了想干什么?)
2、who 和whom只能獨(dú)立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語、表語或動(dòng)詞的賓語,whom只能作謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語;而what、which、whose等既可以獨(dú)立使用作主語、表語和賓語,也可以與名詞構(gòu)成疑問短語。如: Who is that man?(那男的是誰?) / What colour are their hats?(他們的帽子是什么顏色?) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪輛車是德國造的?)(被動(dòng)句)
注意這個(gè)提問:The man in the car is my father.(車?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)
→Which man is your father?(哪個(gè)男人是你的父親?)
3、which除了可以詢問指代的情況之外,還可以針對說明人物的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、歲數(shù)、顏色、大小、狀況等進(jìn)行提問。如:People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄慘) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄慘?)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(為了度假你預(yù)訂了哪家旅館?)—The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅館)
4、疑問代詞不分單復(fù)數(shù),視它所替代的人或事物決定單復(fù)數(shù),但是通常用單數(shù);如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(誰在游戲房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colours do they have?(它們有哪些顏色?)
四、數(shù)詞:
1、分類:數(shù)詞有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。英語的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語、賓語、表語和定語。
2、基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。
1、 英語中常用的基數(shù)詞有:
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
|
one
two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve
|
13
14 15 16 17 18 19
|
thirteen
fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen
|
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
|
twenty
thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one(a) hundred
|
23
35 101
|
twenty-three
thirty-five one hundred and one
|
1000→one(a) thousand,10000→ ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand ,1000000→one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million,
108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six, 500→five hundred , 1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
2、[注]:(1)百位與十位之間要加and;十萬位和萬位,億位和千萬位之間通常也要加and。
(2)英語用千、百萬等單位計(jì)數(shù),大數(shù)字從右向左看, 每隔三位劃一逗號,倒數(shù)第一個(gè)逗號之前要用thousand,倒數(shù)第二個(gè)逗號之前要用million,倒數(shù)第三的逗號之前要用billion表示。
(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作數(shù)詞時(shí),不用復(fù)數(shù),前面可以加上one, two, …等其它數(shù)詞。用作名詞時(shí)復(fù)數(shù)表示“成…上…”,后面必須要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等詞。如:five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一萬), thousands
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