例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有\(zhòng)'正如\'。例如:
As we know, smoking is harmful to one\'s health. 如我們所知,吸煙有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to one\'s health.
As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語(yǔ);例2中,它充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。
18.7 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一
1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:
What you want has been sent here. 你要的動(dòng)詞都送來(lái)了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我沒(méi)什么關(guān)系。
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如:
(錯(cuò))Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯(cuò))Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對(duì))Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,與庶民同罪。
(對(duì))Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰(shuí)搶了銀行還不清楚。
3) that 和 what
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),通常用作關(guān)系代詞,而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中的that??墒÷?。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。例如:
I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你會(huì)喜歡這些郵票的。
What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。
18.9 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如:
(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用。例如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí),只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只用that。.
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。例如:
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問(wèn)題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
19. 狀語(yǔ)從句
19.1 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由where, wherever 引導(dǎo)。例如:
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方樹(shù)很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。
19.2 方式狀語(yǔ)從句
方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。
1)as, (just) as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首,這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義,意思是\"正如…\",\"就像\",多用于正式文體。例如:
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你,你就要怎樣待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我們離不開(kāi)空氣,猶如魚(yú)兒離不開(kāi)水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打掃房屋一樣,我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。
2)as if, as though
兩者的意義和用法相同,引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示與事實(shí)相反,有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣,表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作\"仿佛……似的\",\"好像……似的\"。例如:
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí),就仿佛它不存在似的。(與事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。(與事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來(lái)天氣很快就會(huì)好起來(lái)。(實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大,謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。)
說(shuō)明:as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。例如:
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我,就像第一次看見(jiàn)我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要說(shuō)什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波濤沖擊著巖石,好像很憤怒。
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